{"id":116,"date":"2019-03-15T12:15:17","date_gmt":"2019-03-15T12:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/undod.cymru\/?p=116"},"modified":"2019-03-15T12:17:58","modified_gmt":"2019-03-15T12:17:58","slug":"ceffyl-pren-troea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/undod.cymru\/cy\/2019\/03\/15\/ceffyl-pren-troea\/","title":{"rendered":"Y cyfryngau amgen: ceffyl pren Troea?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dyma addasiad o erthygl a ymddangosodd yn wreiddiol yn O’r Pedwar Gwynt<\/a>. Diolch yn fawr i’r awdur a’r cylchgrawn am roi caniat\u00e2d i Undod ei ailgyhoeddi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Waeth i ni gydnabod un gwirionedd sylfaenol ar y dechrau un: nid oes unrhyw beth cynhenid Gymreig am y cyfryngau cyfrwng Saesneg yng Nghymru ac ni cheir ychwaith y fath beth \u00e2 chyhoeddfan neu fywyd cyhoeddus penodol Gymreig trwy gyfrwng y Saesneg. Mae difrifoldeb y sefyllfa hon a’i goblygiadau ar ein cyfer yng Nghymru eisoes wedi cael eu trafod a’u dadansoddi’n huawdl<\/a> a hynny droeon erbyn hyn, ond i grynhoi: mae’r dinesydd Cymreig cyffredin yn byw o ddydd i ddydd heddiw heb ddysgu nemor ddim am y cynllunio gwleidyddol sydd yn dylanwadu cymaint ar ei fywyd, boed hynny trwy gyfrwng y cyngor lleol, y Senedd yng Nghaerdydd neu lywodraeth y Deyrnas Gyfunol yn San Steffan. Mae hon yn sefyllfa ddifrifol ar gyfer y gweddillion democrataidd a adwaenwn fel y wladwriaeth Gymreig.<\/p>\n

Diolch i’r drefn, cydnabuwyd goblygiadau enbyd y sefyllfa hon gan nifer yng Nghymru. Gwelwyd ymgais gan rai i ysgogi cyhoeddfan ar lawr gwlad trwy eu hymdrechion newyddiadurol eu hunain, sy’n gweithredu ar y cyfan tu hwnt i’r cyfryngau ‘prif ffrwd’. Dyma gyfle gwirioneddol i greu gwasanaeth amgen go iawn, i greu Cymru lle grymusir ei dinasyddion i gynrychioli eu hunain, i arwain eu materion eu hunain, ac i reoli eu disgyrsiau cynhenid.<\/p>\n

O ystyried diffygion ein cyfryngau prif ffrwd cyfredol, mae’n ddealladwy mai consyrn cyntaf rhai o’r cyfryngau \u2018amgen\u2019 newydd hyn yw ceisio creu cyhoeddfan sydd yn rhoi sylw teilwng i faterion Cymreig a hynny ar raddfa genedlaethol.<\/p>\n

Ond er gwaetha’r amcanion hyderus, nobl, mae peryg i’r ymdrech hon i atgyfnerthu’r syniad o genedl arwain at unffurfio cyn pryd yr hyn sydd, er gwell neu er gwaeth, yn gysyniad pytiog a digon annelwig ar y gorau; cam bychan sydd rhwng hyn a dileu grwpiau ymylol a’r ymdrechion i frwydro’n erbyn braint dosbarth – \u00e2’r lleisiau sydd eisoes yn dominyddu fwy na heb yn cadw’u gafael ar y breintiau, y llwyfan a’r grym a fwynheir ganddynt yn y gyhoeddfan Brydeinig.<\/p>\n

Felly, er bod cyhoeddfan ‘amgen’ y ‘Gymru Newydd’ fel petai’n datblygu ar hyn o bryd, yr un yw’r cwestiynau sydd yn angenrheidiol eu gofyn i’n sefydliadau hirdymor. Pwy sydd \u00e2 llais yn y cyfryngau Cymreig? A yw’r lleisiau hyn yn estyn yr egwyddor o gyfartaledd? Pa wirioneddau pwysig, heriol sy’n cael eu mynegi? Ac yn bwysicach na dim efallai, rhaid gofyn: a yw’r llwyfannau cyfryngol newydd hyn yn adeiladu persbectif positif o safbwynt dyfodol ein cymdeithas, yn abl i gadw tueddiadau ethnogenedlaethol, rhagfarnllyd ac adain dde eithafol hyd braich – tueddiadau sydd, dylid nodi, yn aml yn cael hwb trwy amryfusedd mewn cyfnodau tanbaid, toredig fel y rhain.<\/p>\n

Er mwyn ail-ddychmygu cymdeithas Gymreig mewn modd radical, cymdeithas Gymreig sydd yn gwasanaethu’n well bob un ohonom sy’n byw yn ei libart, rhaid i ni hefyd ailfeddwl mewn modd radical y ffordd y mae ein cyfryngau a’n cyhoeddfan yn gweithredu; rhaid sicrhau bod y platfformau newydd hyn yn ein cynorthwyo yn ein tasg. Cam cyntaf cwbl sylfaenol yw rhoi sylw, wrth roi llais, i anghydbwysedd grym, ac ystyried yn ofalus pa syniadau yr ydym yn rhoi llwyfan iddynt yn ein cymdeithas.<\/p>\n

Er mwyn creu rhywbeth gwirioneddol newydd, er mwyn troedio llwybr newydd, mae’n hanfodol ein bod yn creu cyhoeddfan sydd yn fwy nag opsiwn amgen ar gyfer y drefn gyfredol a’i hanghyfartaledd strwythurol; rhaid creu cyhoeddfan sy’n gwrthwynebu mewn modd radical yr elfennau niweidiol hynny sy’n nodweddu’r status quo, boed hynny’n gyfalafiaeth, imperialaeth Brydeinig, partriarchaeth, goruchafiaeth y dyn gwyn, ac ati. Mae’r hegemoni gyfredol hon, sydd wedi treiddio i galon synnwyr cyffredin pob perthynas gymdeithasol ac economaidd, yn gyfangorff, fel y mynegodd Raymond Williams:<\/p>\n

‘which is not merely secondary or superstructural, like the weak sense of ideology, but which is lived at such a depth, which saturates the society to such an extent, and which \u2026 even constitutes the substance and limit of common sense for most people under its sway’.1<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dyma’r anhawster mawr sydd yn wynebu ymdrechion i sefydlu cyhoeddfan gynhenid Gymreig. Ac os hynny, cwbl annigonol yw atgynhyrchu strwythurau a moesgarwch ffals cyfryngau Prydeinig hegemonaidd a lapio baner Cymru dros y cyfan. Nid yw ychwaith yn fater o sicrhau bod pobl Cymru yn cael mynediad i wybodaeth Gymreig, oherwydd, yng ngeiriau Raymond Williams eto:<\/p>\n

\u2018hegemony has the advantage over general notions of totality, that it at the same time emphasizes the facts of domination.2<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Yn yr ystyr hwn, grym hegemoni yw bod ei gyfanrwydd yn ei ganiat\u00e1u i amsugno’n rhwydd unrhyw wrthwynebiad a gyflwynir fel cyfryngwr amgen i’r un hen synnwyr cyffredin. Ac felly, i raddau, nid yw’r cyfryngau Cymreig cyfredol – prif ffrwd ac ‘amgen’ fel ei gilydd – yn fwy na chyfalafiaeth Brydeinig yn adennill ei nerth.<\/p>\n

Dadleuodd Raymond Williams mai’r hyn sydd ei angen arnom yw cyfryngau gwrthbleidiol, nid cyfryngau amgen:<\/p>\n

There is a simple theoretical distinction between alternative and oppositional, that is to say between someone who simply finds a different way to live and wishes to be left alone with it, and someone who finds a different way to live and wants to change the society in its light. This is usually the difference between individual and small-group solutions to social crisis and those solutions which properly belong to political and ultimately revolutionary practice.3<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Oherwydd, creu alternatif i beth yn union mae ein cyfryngau ‘amgen’, mewn gwirionedd? Ai gwared arwyddwyr Prydeinig o’n diwylliant ‘cenedlaethol’ y maent ond gan gadw’r gweddill, gan gynnwys yr elfennau hynny sydd yn gwneud y diwylliant yn un dinistriol?<\/p>\n

\"\"
Gorymdaith y Ceffyl Pren Troea, gan Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mae diberfeddu Prydeindod er budd goruchafiaeth ddeisyfedig Cymreictod yn aml yn cael ei gyflwyno oddi mewn i geffyl pren Troea democrateiddio, ond yn y b\u00f4n, dim ond rhith yw hwn. Dylai democrateiddio gwirioneddol adlewyrchu cysyniad Williams o drawsffurfiad cymdeithas yn yr ystyr ehangach, yn ddemocratiaeth ddilys:<\/p>\n

in which the human needs of all the people in the society are taken as the central purpose of all social activity, so that politics is not a system of government but of self-government, and the systems of production and communication are rooted in the satisfaction of human needs and the development of human capacity.4<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Rhaid meddwl yn ddwfn ynghylch pwy sydd \u00e2 llais, ynghylch pwy sy’n perchnogi moddion cynhyrchu disgwrs. Oherwydd nid yw democrateiddio yn debyg o ddigwydd dim ond trwy unioni’r materion sy’n werth eu trafod (y materion niche bondigrybwyll<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Er mwyn hyn y dylai’r cyfryngau ‘amgen’ Cymreig fodoli yn y pen draw: er mwyn rhoi llwyfan i leisiau sy’n abl i adnabod ein hargyfwng cyfredol, yn abl i gyfrannu at ddatblygu’r fframweithiau sydd eu hangen arnom er mwyn goresgyn ein cyflwr. Tan i ni lwyddo i wneud hyn, rydym yn rhwym o gynyddu maint y dasg ac ailadrodd yr un camgymeriadau ag erioed – dim ond y gallwn bellach eu galw’n broblemau Cymreig, yn gamgymeriadau Cymreig. Er y gall hynny fod yn dderbyniol ar gyfer lleisiau adweithiol sydd eisoes \u00e2 gafael ar rym, nid yw’n gwneud dim ar gyfer y dinasyddion Cymreig hynny y mae eu lleisiau angen cael eu clywed a’u grymuso’n fwy na neb. Rhaid casglu, felly, nad yw’n cyfryngau ‘amgen’ eto’n barod at y dasg.<\/p>\n

[1] Raymond Williams, \u2018Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory\u2019 mewn Culture and Materialism (Llundain: Verso, 2005), tud. 31\u201349 (tud. 37).<\/p>\n

[2] Ibid, tud. 37.<\/p>\n

[3] Ibid, tud. 41\u201342.<\/p>\n

[4] Williams, \u2018Advertising: The Magic System\u2019 mewn Culture and Materialism, tud. 170\u2013195 (tud. 187).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dyma addasiad o erthygl a ymddangosodd yn wreiddiol yn O’r Pedwar Gwynt. Diolch yn fawr i’r awdur a’r cylchgrawn am roi caniat\u00e2d i Undod ei ailgyhoeddi. Waeth i ni gydnabod … <\/p>\n

Parhau i ddarllen “Y cyfryngau amgen: ceffyl pren Troea?”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":117,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[35],"class_list":["post-116","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erthyglau","tag-raymond-williams","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nY cyfryngau amgen: ceffyl pren Troea? - undod<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/undod.cymru\/2019\/03\/15\/ceffyl-pren-troea\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Y cyfryngau amgen: ceffyl pren Troea? - undod\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dyma addasiad o erthygl a ymddangosodd yn wreiddiol yn O’r Pedwar Gwynt. Diolch yn fawr i’r awdur a’r cylchgrawn am roi caniat\u00e2d i Undod ei ailgyhoeddi. 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